| 2.4 GHz Wi‑Fi | 2,400–2,483.5 MHz in many regulatory domains | IEEE 802.11b/g/n/ax; 802.11be can also operate in this band | May appear as recurring or burst-like digital transmissions on a Wi‑Fi channel. Activity can rise during live video streaming or data transfer. | Energy or channel activity in the 2.4 GHz band; a Wi‑Fi analyzer may help identify access points and channel use. | This band is shared with Bluetooth and many other devices. A signal does not identify its source or prove that a camera is present. |
| 5 GHz Wi‑Fi | Common allocations are approximately 5.15–5.85 GHz; permitted channels vary by country. | IEEE 802.11a/n/ac/ax; 802.11be can also operate in this band | Digital Wi‑Fi transmissions occur on assigned channels and may be intermittent, depending on device activity and network settings. | A detector covering the relevant 5 GHz channels may show transmission activity; a Wi‑Fi scan can provide more context about nearby networks. | Some channels are subject to local restrictions or radar-sharing requirements. A basic RF detector may not identify the protocol or device. |
| 6 GHz Wi‑Fi | Regulatory availability differs. For example, the United States permits 5,925–7,125 MHz; the European Union makes 5,945–6,425 MHz available for Wi‑Fi. | IEEE 802.11ax (Wi‑Fi 6E) and IEEE 802.11be (Wi‑Fi 7) | Digital transmissions use channels in the locally authorized portion of the band. A compatible device and detector are required to observe them. | A wideband RF instrument or 6 GHz-capable Wi‑Fi analyzer may detect activity within its supported frequency range. | Many general-purpose detectors do not cover 6 GHz. Absence of a reading does not rule out a device transmitting in this band. |
| Bluetooth and other 2.4 GHz signals | Bluetooth operates in the 2,402–2,480 MHz range. | Bluetooth; not IEEE 802.11 Wi‑Fi | Bluetooth devices use short, frequency-hopping transmissions that may be brief or irregular. | A broadband detector may show activity in the same general range used by 2.4 GHz Wi‑Fi. | Bluetooth activity is not evidence of a camera. RF-only tools may not reliably distinguish it from other nearby 2.4 GHz sources. |
| Cellular or other non‑Wi‑Fi radio | Varies by country, carrier, and radio technology; there is no single universal frequency range. | Cellular networks and other licensed or unlicensed radio services; not IEEE 802.11 Wi‑Fi | Transmission timing and frequency depend on the network, device, and connection state. | A suitable spectrum analyzer may show energy in a supported frequency range. | Nearby phones, routers, and other equipment can produce readings. Frequency activity alone cannot identify a camera. |
| No detectable RF transmission | No active radio signal may be present during the inspection. | Local storage, wired operation, powered-off equipment, or a device that transmits only occasionally | There may be no measurable wireless emission, or transmissions may occur only at particular times. | An RF detector may show no relevant activity. | No RF reading does not rule out a camera. RF screening should be combined with a careful visual and physical inspection. |