| Aluminum Alloys | 6061-T6 6082-T6 7075-T6 | Housings, brackets, aerospace structures, heat sinks, inspection fixtures, and lightweight machine components. | Approximately ±0.10 mm to ±0.30 mm for many standard features, depending on part size, geometry, and drawing requirements. | Approximately ±0.01 mm to ±0.05 mm for selected features when controlled process planning and inspection are used. | Ra 1.6–3.2 µm is common after standard milling or turning; Ra below 0.8 µm may require additional finishing. | ISO 2768 for general tolerances; ASTM B221 or EN 755 for aluminum extrusions; ISO 9001 quality management. | Material certificate, dimensional inspection report, coating or anodizing certificate, and first-article inspection report when required. |
| Stainless Steel | 304 316L 17-4 PH | Medical components, food-processing parts, chemical equipment, valve bodies, shafts, and corrosion-resistant assemblies. | Approximately ±0.10 mm to ±0.30 mm for general machined dimensions, subject to feature size and thermal conditions. | Approximately ±0.01 mm to ±0.05 mm for controlled critical dimensions; tighter values require an explicit drawing specification. | Ra 1.6–3.2 µm is typical for CNC machining; polishing or grinding may be needed for lower roughness. | ASTM A276 or ASTM A479 for stainless steel bar and fabricated products; ISO 2768; ISO 9001. | Heat-lot material certificate, hardness report when specified, dimensional report, passivation certificate, and surface-finish record. |
| Carbon and Alloy Steel | AISI 1045 4140 A36 | Gears, shafts, tooling plates, couplings, machine frames, fixtures, and wear-resistant mechanical parts. | Approximately ±0.10 mm to ±0.30 mm for general dimensions under standard CNC production conditions. | Approximately ±0.01 mm to ±0.05 mm for selected dimensions with suitable tooling, workholding, and verification. | Ra 1.6–3.2 µm is common; heat treatment, grinding, or honing may be required for wear or bearing surfaces. | ASTM A29 or ASTM A108 for steel bars; ASTM A36 for structural carbon steel; ISO 2768; ISO 9001. | Mill test certificate, heat-treatment chart, hardness report, dimensional inspection report, and coating certificate if applicable. |
| Tool Steel | D2 H13 P20 | Molds, dies, punches, cutting tools, inserts, wear plates, and high-load production tooling. | Approximately ±0.05 mm to ±0.20 mm for general features, depending on hardness, geometry, and whether machining occurs before or after hardening. | Approximately ±0.005 mm to ±0.03 mm for selected critical features when precision machining, grinding, or wire EDM is applied. | Ra 0.8–3.2 µm after CNC machining; polished mold cavities may require additional polishing to meet optical or molding requirements. | ASTM A681 for tool steels; ISO 2768 where applicable; ISO 9001; heat-treatment requirements defined by the part drawing or process specification. | Material certificate, heat-treatment and hardness report, CMM report, cavity or profile inspection, and surface-finish record. |
| Brass and Copper Alloys | C360 C464 C110 | Electrical contacts, plumbing components, manifolds, connectors, heat-transfer parts, and decorative hardware. | Approximately ±0.05 mm to ±0.20 mm for many turned or milled features, depending on the alloy and part geometry. | Approximately ±0.01 mm to ±0.03 mm for selected features using controlled CNC turning or milling processes. | Ra 0.8–3.2 µm is common; polishing, brushing, or plating may alter the final measured surface condition. | ASTM B16 or ASTM B124 for brass products; ASTM B152 for copper plate and sheet; ISO 2768; ISO 9001. | Material certificate, elemental composition report when required, dimensional report, plating certificate, and visual inspection record. |
| Engineering Plastics | POM / Acetal PA6 / Nylon PEEK PTFE | Insulators, bushings, low-friction guides, seals, medical prototypes, electrical parts, and lightweight mechanical components. | Approximately ±0.10 mm to ±0.30 mm; moisture absorption, thermal expansion, creep, and part size can significantly affect stability. | Approximately ±0.02 mm to ±0.10 mm for selected features, with dimensional allowances often required for environmental conditions. | Ra 1.6–6.3 µm is common; the achievable finish depends on polymer type, cutter geometry, feed rate, and heat control. | ASTM D638 or ISO 527 for tensile characterization; ASTM D695 or ISO 604 for compression; ISO 9001; FDA or USP Class VI requirements where applicable. | Resin or lot certificate, dimensional report, moisture or conditioning record when relevant, material compliance statement, and visual inspection record. |
| Titanium Alloys | Grade 2 Grade 5 / Ti-6Al-4V | Aerospace brackets, medical implants and instruments, chemical-processing components, and high-strength lightweight parts. | Approximately ±0.10 mm to ±0.30 mm for general dimensions; distortion and residual stress require careful process control. | Approximately ±0.01 mm to ±0.05 mm for selected features when appropriate tooling, coolant, workholding, and inspection are used. | Ra 1.6–3.2 µm is common after CNC machining; critical bearing or sealing surfaces may require secondary finishing. | ASTM B265 for titanium plate and sheet; ASTM B348 for titanium bar and billet; ISO 2768; ISO 9001; AS9100 for aerospace supply chains when required. | Material traceability certificate, chemical and mechanical test results, dimensional report, surface-treatment certificate, and full inspection plan. |
| Nickel-Based Alloys | Inconel 625 Inconel 718 Hastelloy C276 | Hot-section aerospace parts, energy equipment, chemical-processing hardware, exhaust components, and high-temperature fixtures. | Approximately ±0.10 mm to ±0.30 mm for general dimensions; work hardening and heat generation can reduce process stability. | Approximately ±0.02 mm to ±0.05 mm for selected features using rigid equipment, specialized tooling, and controlled cutting parameters. | Ra 1.6–3.2 µm is common; grinding or advanced finishing may be necessary for sealing or fatigue-critical areas. | ASTM B443 or ASTM B670 for nickel-alloy plate and sheet; ASTM B637 for precipitation-hardened nickel alloys; ISO 9001; AS9100 where applicable. | Heat-lot material certificate, chemical analysis, mechanical-property report, dimensional inspection, hardness report, and non-destructive testing where specified. |